Introduction

I am a VBA user who started studying machine learning. As a memorandum, I would like to summarize the Python / R grammar while comparing it with VBA.

table of contents

-Logical operations and comparison operations -Logical value -Logical value -Logical value type -Comparison operation -Comparison operator -Summary of two inequalities -Logical operation -Logical Operator -Confirm logical operation -Example of use in conditional expression -Logical value vector -Summary -List -Whole program

Logical operation and comparison operation

Logical value

First, about logical values.

Logical value

The logical values that represent true / false are True / False in Python, TRUE / FALSE in R, and True / False in VBA.

Python

`Python3`


print( True )
print( False )

`R`


print( TRUE )
print( FALSE )
print( T )     # TRUE
print( F )     # FALSE

In R, TRUE ・ FALSE can be abbreviated as T ・ F.

VBA

`VBA`


Debug.Print True
Debug.Print False

Logical value type

Check the data type of the logical value in each language. It is a bool type in Python, a logical type in R, and a Boolean type in VBA.

`Python3`


print( type(True) )  # <class 'bool'>
print( type(False) ) # <class 'bool'>

`R`


print( typeof(TRUE) ) # "logical"
print( class(TRUE) )  # "logical"
print( typeof(TRUE) ) # "logical"
print( class(TRUE) )  # "logical"

VBA

`VBA`


Debug.Print TypeName(True)   ' Boolean
Debug.Print TypeName(False)  ' Boolean

Comparison operation

Comparison operator

Next is the comparison operator. It can be used for both numbers and strings. The inequality sign is the same in all languages, but the operators for "=" and "≠" are different in each language.

Python

`Python3`


print( 12 == 13 )   # False
print( 12 <  13 )   # True
print( 12 >  13 )   # False 
print( 12 >= 13 )   # False
print( 12 <= 13 )   # True
print( 12 != 13 )   # True

print( "abc" == "def" )   # False
print( "abc" <  "def" )   # True
print( "abc" >  "def" )   # False
print( "abc" >= "def" )   # False
print( "abc" <= "def" )   # True
print( "abc" != "def" )   # True

The equal sign is two equals. One equal is substitution.

`R`


print( 12 == 13 )   # FALSE
print( 12 <  13 )   # TRUE
print( 12 >  13 )   # FALSE 
print( 12 >= 13 )   # FALSE
print( 12 <= 13 )   # TRUE
print( 12 != 13 )   # TRUE

print( "abc" == "def" )   # FALSE
print( "abc" <  "def" )   # TRUE
print( "abc" >  "def" )   # FALSE 
print( "abc" >= "def" )   # FALSE
print( "abc" <= "def" )   # TRUE
print( "abc" != "def" )   # TRUE

The equal sign is two equals. One equal is substitution.

VBA

`VBA`


Debug.Print (12 = 13)    ' False
Debug.Print (12 < 13)    ' True
Debug.Print (12 > 13)    ' False
Debug.Print (12 >= 13)   ' False
Debug.Print (12 <= 13)   ' True
Debug.Print (12 <> 13)   ' True

Debug.Print ("abc" = "def")    ' False
Debug.Print ("abc" < "def")    ' True
Debug.Print ("abc" > "def")    ' False
Debug.Print ("abc" >= "def")   ' False
Debug.Print ("abc" <= "def")   ' True
Debug.Print ("abc" <> "def")   ' True

The equal sign is one equal. One equal sign represents both the equal sign and the substitution.

Summary of two inequalities

It's about whether the two inequalities $ 0 <x $ and $ x <9 $ can be combined and written as $ 0 <x <9 $.

Python

`Python3`


x = 5
print( x > 0 )     # True
print( x < 9 )     # True   
print( 0 < x < 9 ) # True
print( 0 < x and x < 9 ) # True

0 <x <9 is valid in Python.

`R`


x <- 5
print( x > 0 )     # TRUE
print( x < 9 )     # TRUE   
print( 0 < x < 9 ) #error
print( 0 < x && x < 9 ) # TRUE

In R, writing 0 <x <9 will result in an error.

VBA

`VBA`


x = 5
Debug.Print (x > 0)     ' True
Debug.Print (x < 9)     ' True
Debug.Print (0 < x < 9) ' True
Debug.Print (0 < x And x < 9) ' True

0 <x <9 is valid in VBA.

Logical operation

Logical operator

About logical operator (Boolean operator) negation (NOT), logical product (AND), OR (OR), exclusive OR (NOR).

Python

`Python3`


print( not True  )   # False
print( not False )   # True

print( True  and True  )   # True
print( True  and False )   # False
print( False and True  )   # False 
print( False and False )   # False

print( True  or True  )    # True
print( True  or False )    # False
print( False or True  )    # False 
print( False or False )    # False

Python doesn't seem to have an XOR operator.

`R`


print( ! TRUE  )   # FALSE
print( ! FALSE )   # TRUE

print( TRUE  && TRUE  )   # TRUE
print( TRUE  && FALSE )   # FALSE
print( FALSE && TRUE  )   # FALSE 
print( FALSE && FALSE )   # FALSE

print( TRUE  || TRUE  )   # TRUE
print( TRUE  || FALSE )   # TRUE
print( FALSE || TRUE  )   # TRUE 
print( FALSE || FALSE )   # FALSE

print( xor(TRUE,  TRUE ) )  # FALSE
print( xor(TRUE,  FALSE) )  # TRUE
print( xor(FALSE, TRUE ) )  # TRUE
print( xor(FALSE, FALSE) )  # FALSE

VBA

`VBA`


Debug.Print (Not True)    ' False
Debug.Print (Not False)   ' True

Debug.Print (True And True)     ' True
Debug.Print (True And False)    ' False
Debug.Print (False And True)    ' False
Debug.Print (False And False)   ' False

Debug.Print (True Or True)      ' True
Debug.Print (True Or False)     ' True
Debug.Print (False Or True)     ' True
Debug.Print (False Or False)    ' False

Debug.Print (True Xor True)     ' False
Debug.Print (True Xor False)    ' True
Debug.Print (False Xor True)    ' True
Debug.Print (False Xor False)   ' False

Confirmation of logical operation

Of course, the result of logical operation (Boolean operation) is the same in all languages, but check it just in case.

Python

`Python3`


#Negation (NOT)
for P in [True, False]:
    print(P, not P)
# True False
# False True

#Logical product (AND)
for P in [True, False]:
    for Q in [True, False]:
        print(P, Q, (P and Q))
# True True True
# True False False
# False True False
# False False False

#OR
for P in [True, False]:
    for Q in [True, False]:
        print(P, Q, P or Q)
# True True True
# True False True
# False True True
# False False False

`R`


#Negation (NOT)
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  print(c(P, (!P)))
}
# [1]  TRUE FALSE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE

#Logical product (AND)
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  for (Q in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
    print(c(P, Q, (P && Q)))
  }
}
# [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
# [1]  TRUE FALSE FALSE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

#OR
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  for (Q in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
    print(c(P, Q, (P || Q)))
  }
}
# [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

#Exclusive OR (XOR)
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  for (Q in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
    print(c(P, Q, xor(P, Q)))
  }
}
# [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

VBA

`VBA`


P = Array(True, False)
Q = Array(True, False)

'Negation (NOT)
For i = 0 To 1
  Debug.Print P(i), Not P(i)
Next i
' True          False
' False         True

'Logical product (AND)
For i = 0 To 1
    For j = 0 To 1
        Debug.Print P(i), Q(j), P(i) And Q(j)
    Next j
Next i
' True          True          True
' True          False         False
' False         True          False
' False         False         False

'OR
For i = 0 To 1
    For j = 0 To 1
        Debug.Print P(i), Q(j), P(i) Or Q(j)
    Next j
Next i
' True          True          True
' True          False         True
' False         True          True
' False         False         False

'Exclusive OR (XOR)
For i = 0 To 1
    For j = 0 To 1
        Debug.Print P(i), Q(j), P(i) Xor Q(j)
    Next j
Next i
' True          True          False
' True          False         True
' False         True          True
' False         False         False

Example of use in conditional expression

This is an example of actually using a logical operation in a conditional expression of an If statement.

Python

`Python3`


x = 5
if (0 < x) and (x < 9):
    print('0 < x < 9')
else:
    print('x < 0, x < 9')
# 0 < x < 9
if (x <= 0) or (9 <= x):
    print('x <= 0, 9 <= x')
else:
    print('0 < x < 9')
# 0 < x < 9
if (0 < x < 9):
    print('0 < x < 9')
else:
    print('x < 0, x < 9')
# 0 < x < 9

`R`


x <- 5
if ((0 < x) && (x < 9)) {
  print("0 < x < 9")
} else {
  print("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
}
# [1] "0 < x < 9"
if ((x <= 0) || (9 <= x)) {
  print("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
} else {
  print("0 < x < 9")
}
# [1] "0 < x < 9"

VBA

`VBA`


x = 5
If ((0 < x) And (x < 9)) Then
    Debug.Print ("0 < x < 9")
Else
    Debug.Print ("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
End If
' 0 < x < 9
If ((x <= 0) Or (9 <= x)) Then
    Debug.Print ("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
Else
    Debug.Print ("0 < x < 9")
End If
' 0 < x < 9
If (0 < x < 9) Then
    Debug.Print ("0 < x < 9")
Else
    Debug.Print ("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
End If
' 0 < x < 9

Logical value vector

In R, there are also logical operators & and |, which are used for vector operations of logical value vectors. operator&&When||Is the calculation resultTRUEOrFALSE で返すのに対して、operator&When|Returns the operation result as a vector.

`R`


x <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)   #Logical value vector
y <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)   #Logical value vector
print( !x )
# FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
print( x & y )
# TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
print( x | y )
# TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
print( xor(x, y) )
# FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE

Summary

List

List the operators used in each language. For comparison, the calculation in EXCEL is also shown.

*** Logical value ***

Logical value	Python	R	VBA	EXCEL
true	True	TRUE T	True	TRUE
false	False	False F	False	FALSE
Data type	bool	logical	Boolean

*** Comparison operator ***

operator	Python	R	VBA	EXCEL
＝	==	==	=	=
＜	<	<	<	<
＞	>	>	>	>
≦	>=	>=	>=	>=
≧	<=	<=	<=	>=
≠	!=	!=	<>	<>

*** Logical Operators ***

operator	Python	R	VBA	EXCEL
denial NOT	not P	!P	NOT P	=NOT(P)
Logical AND AND	P and Q	P && Q P & Q	P And Q	=AND(P,Q)
Logical sum OR	P or Q	P \|\| Q P \| Q	P Or Q	=OR(P,Q)
Exclusive OR XOR		xor(P, Q)	P Xor Q	=XOR(P,Q)

*** Confirm logical operation ***

Calculation	Calculation子	formula	result
denial	NOT	NOT T NOT F	F T
Logical AND	AND	T AND T T AND F F AND T F AND T	T F F F
Logical sum	OR	T OR T T OR F F OR T F OR T	T T T F
Exclusive OR	XOR	T NOR T T XOR F F XOR T F XOR T	F T T F

Note) Notated as T: true and F: false.

Whole program

The whole program used for reference is shown.

Python

`Python3`


#Logical value
print( True )
print( False )

print( type(True) )  # <class 'bool'>
print( type(False) ) # <class 'bool'>

#Comparison operator
print( 12 == 13 )   # False
print( 12 <  13 )   # True
print( 12 >  13 )   # False 
print( 12 >= 13 )   # False
print( 12 <= 13 )   # True
print( 12 != 13 )   # True

print( "abc" == "def" )   # False
print( "abc" <  "def" )   # True
print( "abc" >  "def" )   # False
print( "abc" >= "def" )   # False
print( "abc" <= "def" )   # True
print( "abc" != "def" )   # True

x = 5
print( x > 0 )     # True
print( x < 9 )     # True   
print( 0 < x < 9 ) # True
print( 0 < x and x < 9 ) # True

#Logical operator (Boolean operator)
print( not True  )   # False
print( not False )   # True

print( True  and True  )   # True
print( True  and False )   # False
print( False and True  )   # False 
print( False and False )   # False

print( True  or True  )    # True
print( True  or False )    # False
print( False or True  )    # False 
print( False or False )    # False

#Negation (NOT)
for P in [True, False]:
    print(P, not P)
# True False
# False True

#Logical product (AND)
for P in [True, False]:
    for Q in [True, False]:
        print(P, Q, (P and Q))
# True True True
# True False False
# False True False
# False False False

#OR
for P in [True, False]:
    for Q in [True, False]:
        print(P, Q, P or Q)
# True True True
# True False True
# False True True
# False False False

x = 5
if (0 < x) and (x < 9):
    print('0 < x < 9')
else:
    print('x < 0, x < 9')
# 0 < x < 9
if (x <= 0) or (9 <= x):
    print('x <= 0, 9 <= x')
else:
    print('0 < x < 9')
# 0 < x < 9
if (0 < x < 9):
    print('0 < x < 9')
else:
    print('x < 0, x < 9')
# 0 < x < 9

`R`


#Logical value
print( TRUE )
print( FALSE )
print( T )     # TRUE
print( F )     # FALSE

print( typeof(TRUE) ) # "logical"
print( class(TRUE) )  # "logical"
print( typeof(TRUE) ) # "logical"
print( class(TRUE) )  # "logical"

#Comparison operator
print( 12 == 13 )   # FALSE
print( 12 <  13 )   # TRUE
print( 12 >  13 )   # FALSE 
print( 12 >= 13 )   # FALSE
print( 12 <= 13 )   # TRUE
print( 12 != 13 )   # TRUE

print( "abc" == "def" )   # FALSE
print( "abc" <  "def" )   # TRUE
print( "abc" >  "def" )   # FALSE 
print( "abc" >= "def" )   # FALSE
print( "abc" <= "def" )   # TRUE
print( "abc" != "def" )   # TRUE

x <- 5
print( x > 0 )     # TRUE
print( x < 9 )     # TRUE   
print( 0 < x < 9 ) #error
print( 0 < x && x < 9 ) # TRUE

#Logical operator (Boolean operator)
print( ! TRUE  )   # FALSE
print( ! FALSE )   # TRUE

print( TRUE  && TRUE  )   # TRUE
print( TRUE  && FALSE )   # FALSE
print( FALSE && TRUE  )   # FALSE 
print( FALSE && FALSE )   # FALSE

print( TRUE  || TRUE  )   # TRUE
print( TRUE  || FALSE )   # TRUE
print( FALSE || TRUE  )   # TRUE 
print( FALSE || FALSE )   # FALSE

print( xor(TRUE,  TRUE ) )  # FALSE
print( xor(TRUE,  FALSE) )  # TRUE
print( xor(FALSE, TRUE ) )  # TRUE
print( xor(FALSE, FALSE) )  # FALSE

#Negation (NOT)
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  print(c(P, (!P)))
}
# [1]  TRUE FALSE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE

#Logical product (AND)
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  for (Q in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
    print(c(P, Q, (P && Q)))
  }
}
# [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
# [1]  TRUE FALSE FALSE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

#OR
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  for (Q in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
    print(c(P, Q, (P || Q)))
  }
}
# [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

#Exclusive OR (XOR)
for (P in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
  for (Q in c(TRUE, FALSE)) {
    print(c(P, Q, xor(P, Q)))
  }
}
# [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE

x <- 5
if ((0 < x) && (x < 9)) {
  print("0 < x < 9")
} else {
  print("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
}
# [1] "0 < x < 9"
if ((x <= 0) || (9 <= x)) {
  print("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
} else {
  print("0 < x < 9")
}
# [1] "0 < x < 9"

#Logical value vector
x <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)   #Logical value vector
y <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)   #Logical value vector
print( !x )
# FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
print( x & y )
# TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
print( x | y )
# TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
print( xor(x, y) )
# FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE

VBA

`VBA`


Sub test_bool()
Dim x As Integer
Dim P As Variant
Dim Q As Variant
Dim i As Integer
Dim j As Integer

'Logical value
Debug.Print True
Debug.Print False

Debug.Print TypeName(True)   ' Boolean
Debug.Print TypeName(False)  ' Boolean

'Comparison operator
Debug.Print (12 = 13)    ' False
Debug.Print (12 < 13)    ' True
Debug.Print (12 > 13)    ' False
Debug.Print (12 >= 13)   ' False
Debug.Print (12 <= 13)   ' True
Debug.Print (12 <> 13)   ' True

Debug.Print ("abc" = "def")    ' False
Debug.Print ("abc" < "def")    ' True
Debug.Print ("abc" > "def")    ' False
Debug.Print ("abc" >= "def")   ' False
Debug.Print ("abc" <= "def")   ' True
Debug.Print ("abc" <> "def")   ' True

x = 5
Debug.Print (x > 0)     ' True
Debug.Print (x < 9)     ' True
Debug.Print (0 < x < 9) ' True
Debug.Print (0 < x And x < 9) ' True

'Logical operator (Boolean operator)
Debug.Print (Not True)    ' False
Debug.Print (Not False)   ' True

Debug.Print (True And True)     ' True
Debug.Print (True And False)    ' False
Debug.Print (False And True)    ' False
Debug.Print (False And False)   ' False

Debug.Print (True Or True)      ' True
Debug.Print (True Or False)     ' True
Debug.Print (False Or True)     ' True
Debug.Print (False Or False)    ' False

Debug.Print (True Xor True)     ' False
Debug.Print (True Xor False)    ' True
Debug.Print (False Xor True)    ' True
Debug.Print (False Xor False)   ' False

P = Array(True, False)
Q = Array(True, False)

'Negation (NOT)
For i = 0 To 1
  Debug.Print P(i), Not P(i)
Next i
' True          False
' False         True

'Logical product (AND)
For i = 0 To 1
    For j = 0 To 1
        Debug.Print P(i), Q(j), P(i) And Q(j)
    Next j
Next i
' True          True          True
' True          False         False
' False         True          False
' False         False         False

'OR
For i = 0 To 1
    For j = 0 To 1
        Debug.Print P(i), Q(j), P(i) Or Q(j)
    Next j
Next i
' True          True          True
' True          False         True
' False         True          True
' False         False         False

'Exclusive OR (XOR)
For i = 0 To 1
    For j = 0 To 1
        Debug.Print P(i), Q(j), P(i) Xor Q(j)
    Next j
Next i
' True          True          False
' True          False         True
' False         True          True
' False         False         False

x = 5
If ((0 < x) And (x < 9)) Then
    Debug.Print ("0 < x < 9")
Else
    Debug.Print ("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
End If
' 0 < x < 9
If ((x <= 0) Or (9 <= x)) Then
    Debug.Print ("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
Else
    Debug.Print ("0 < x < 9")
End If
' 0 < x < 9
If (0 < x < 9) Then
    Debug.Print ("0 < x < 9")
Else
    Debug.Print ("x <= 0, 9 <= x")
End If
' 0 < x < 9

End Sub

reference

Python -Python Tutorial -Chainer Tutorial 2. Introduction to Python
R
- RjpWiki
- R-Tips

VBA users tried using Python / R: logical operations and comparison operations

Introduction

Logical operation and comparison operation

Logical value

Logical value

Python3

R

VBA

Logical value type

Python3

R

VBA

Comparison operation

Comparison operator

Python3

R

VBA

Summary of two inequalities

Python3

R

VBA

Logical operation

Logical operator

Python3

R

VBA

Confirmation of logical operation

Python3

R

VBA

Example of use in conditional expression

Python3

R

VBA

Logical value vector

R

Summary

List

Whole program

Python3

R

VBA

reference

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`

`R`

`Python3`

`R`

`VBA`